张瑶萱傅莹：构建共同体，分享而不是分裂（中英文版）-形势与政策网络之家

作者: admin 　发布: 2019-04-07　分类:全部文章　阅读: 216次

张瑶萱傅莹：构建共同体，分享而不是分裂（中英文版）-形势与政策网络之家

张瑶萱傅莹：构建共同体，分享而不是分裂（中英文版）
作者：傅莹 第十二届全国人大常委会委员、全国人大外事委员会主任委员
本文来源：第三届地中海对话论坛演讲

傅莹 第十二届全国人大常委会委员、全国人大外事委员会主任委员
构建共同体，分享而不是分裂
傅莹
——第三届地中海对话论坛演讲
2017年11月30日罗马
感谢意大利外交部和国际政治研究所组织这个重要的对话论坛。
2017年是中国与意大利交往特别多的一年。马塔雷拉总统年初对中国进行国事访问，5月真蒂洛尼总理出席“一带一路”国际合作高峰论坛，两国签署了2017-2020年行动计划，加强经贸、文化、科技合作。
能够出席地中海对话论坛是我的荣幸，确实，没有比在地中海更适合讨论这些影响世界的重大问题了，这里是世界三大古代文明诞生的地方，而今日的地中海地区又面临新型挑战。
我愿与大家谈谈对全球化背景下中国的政策和主张的看法。
首先，在中国，很多人看到，在冷战后的四分之一世纪中，带动经济增长的最重要动力源自经济全球化。世界经济进入快车道，全球经济在过去的25年增长了3倍多，可谓前所未有，更多的人摆脱贫困。没有经济全球化提供的机遇，世界财富如此快速的扩大是很难实现的。发达国家作为全球化的主要推手，从中获取了巨大利益。许多发展中国家也抓住了机遇，中国的成就最为突出。在中国共产党的正确领导下，中国经过艰苦的改革和开放，通过人民的勤奋努力，成长为世界第二大经济体，人民生活水平得到显著提高。
但全球化也因其弊端受到诟病。2008年金融危机导致全球财富缩水，贸易下降，反对全球化的声音越来越多。但是不可能走回头路了。在我们看来，问题不是全球化本身，而是一些做法和管理出现问题。全球治理没有跟上，旧的秩序和体系无法充分应对更加复杂和多元的全球性挑战。
这些年，各国对完善全球治理的共识不断增强，并且开始行动起来，比如创建20国集团，改革国际货币基金组织，制订2030可持续发展议程，缔结巴黎气候变化协定等。但这些还不够。我们需要实现更加平衡的增长和分配，创新思维改革和完善现行国际秩序和机制。
今年10月，中共胜利召开了十九大，明确新时代中国社会主要矛盾是“人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾”。这个判断意味着，中国进入了一个新的时代，未来国内建设的任务和党和国家的聚焦点不再只是经济增长，而且要解决发展的不平衡和不充分的问题，要努力满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要。正如习近平主席提出的，要实现创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的发展。中国不能在真空中追求发展目标。我们需要总体和平的外部环境，需要能与世界各国更加广泛地合作。为此，党的十九大主张建设新型国际关系，构建人类命运共同体。
在全球治理上，中国希望实现共商共建共享共赢。例如，中国提出“一带一路”倡议，核心词是互联互通。中国南部发达的临海省份通过海路与全球市场相连，正带来下一波增长的西部地区可以通过陆路通达欧洲。“一带一路”倡议可以发挥中国独特的优势，利用积累起来的丰富经验、技术和资金，为便利亚欧大陆乃至全球的经济和贸易往来做出贡献，带动新的增长。“一带一路”已开始显现效果。意大利也是最早参与的国家之一，与中国签署了议定书。双方都鼓励企业界抓住时机。
对全球化在其他领域带来的结果，人们看法不尽相同。现在大部分人都认识到，20多年来，以西方价值观和制度模式改造世界的做法效果不佳，旧的问题没有解决，更多新的问题被制造出来。至今遗留的许多负面效应在影响着一些国家，人民流离失所，带来的教训是深刻的。中国古人云：橘生淮南则为橘，生于淮北则为枳，叶徒相似，其实味不同。所以然者何？水土异也。古人的智慧提醒我们，尊重差异、勿强加于人是多么重要。
在国际安全治理方面，合作滞后的一个原因是存在结构性障碍。美国作为军事上最强大的国家，冷战后并未建立一个包容性的安全框架，而是将世界安全依托于军事同盟体系。然而，该体系秉持排他性安全原则，有时甚至不惜以非成员国的不安全为代价。例如，美国在东海和南海的领土争议问题上强调盟友的利益，不愿承认中国这样的非盟友的安全利益。
朝鲜半岛是一个更为不幸的案例。朝鲜战争之后美军没有撤出半岛，形成长期军事对峙。美朝极不互信，任何双边或者多边外交谈判达成的协议都得不到全面执行。美国强调自身和同盟的安全，连年向朝鲜军事施压，主张加大制裁。而朝鲜为了终极自保，不惜威胁地区安全，不断试核射导，形成相互刺激、螺旋下降的恶性循环。世界正目睹半岛日趋严重的形势。
只有所有国家都不受到威胁和感到安全时，整个世界才能安全。中国提出的共同体安全理念可以概括为以下几点：1，共同安全，就是要实现普遍安全，不能有的国家安全而其他国家不安全。2,综合安全，就是要统筹维护传统领域和非传统领域的安全。3,合作安全，就是要通过对话合作，促进各国和地区乃至世界的安全。4,可持续安全，就是要安全和发展并重，对许多发展中国家来说，发展是实现安全的重要途径。
中国必须不断增强自己的国防力量，保护好公民安全和国家利益并恰当地应对相关安全挑战。在国际安全事务上，中国主要是在联合国框架内发挥作用。例如，中国是联合国安理会的五个常任理事国中，对维和贡献最多的国家。再比如，中国海军护航编队2008年以来积极参加在亚丁湾打击海盗的行动。
世界在不断变化，国际合作和国际体系必须与时俱进。如果大国固守集团和排他性观念，不能摆脱地缘争夺的惯性，就将难以形成应对新型挑战的合力。中国主张建立人类命运共同体, 应该搭建一个共同的屋顶，最大限度容纳各方的利益诉求和治理观念，分享而不是分裂。■
Building Community, to Share, not to Divide
Fu Ying
Speech at the Third Mediterranean Dialogue
Rome, November 30, 2017
I want to thank the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation and ISPI for organizing this important dialogue.
The year 2017 witnessed very intensive high level exhanges between China and Italy. President Mattarella paid a state visit to China early in the year and Prime Minister Gentiloni came to attend the Belt and Road Forum in May. Our two countries signed the action program for 2017-2020, on cooperation in trade, science and culture.
It’s an honor for me to be here. Indeed, there can’t be a better place than the Mediterranean Dialogue to discuss world issues as Mediterranean is the birthplace of three ancient civilizations and is full of vigor in the modern time. And yet is also confronted with difficult challenges over recent years.
Today I want to share with you how I see China’s policy and stance in the context of globalization.
First, in China, it’s widely believed that the most important driving force for economic growth in the first quarter of century after the Cold War has been economic globalization. The world economy has expanded more than 3 times, lifting many people out of poverty. Such an unprecedented wealth increase would not have been possible without economic globalization.The developed countries which were the first mover of globalization, have gained huge benefit from it. Many developing countries have also seized the opportunity, and China is a successful example. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), through painstaking reform and opening-up and with the Chinese people’s dedicated efforts, China has grown into the second largest economy andpeople’s living standard has significantly risen.
However, globalization is also criticized for its flaws and since the 2008 financial crisis, global wealth and trade has been shrinking and voices against globalization have grown louder. But we don’t think turning-back is an option.In our view, the problem does not lie with globalization itself but the way it’s pursued in some aspects and its inadequate management. Global governance has not kept pace and the current international order and institutions are not coping with the new and diverse global challenges effectively.
The good news is that there are growing awareness and more and more concerted efforts to address these challenges, i.e. the establishmentof the G20, the reform of IMF, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and the Paris Agreement on climate change.But this is not enough. More needs to be done. We should achieve more balanced growth and distribution and make innovative reforms of the global governance as well as the international order and institutions.
In China, the 19th National Congress of the CPC was held in October. It acknowledged that the Chinese society has moved forward and what we now face is the contradiction between unbalanced and inadequate development and the people’ sever-growing needs for a better life. China has entered a new era and our task is no longer just to grow the economy. The domestic policy focus of the Party and the country now is to achieve better balance in development as well as fairer distribution, so as to meet people's growing needs for a better life. As President Xi Jinping put it, we should pursue innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared development.
China can’t pursue its goals in a vacuum. We need to maintain a peaceful external environment and to engage widely with the world for cooperation. The Party Congress calls for promoting a new form of international relations and building a community with a shared future for mankind.
For improving global governance, China proposes to reform the system through communication and cooperation to achieve shared results.
One example is the Belt and Road Initiative, the essence of which is connectivity. China’s southern provinces face the ocean and are connected through the maritime route to the world market. Its deep west where the next wave of growth comes from can be connected to Europe through our Western and Northern neighbors. The Belt and Road Initiative will bring into play China’s unique advantages and make good use of its experience, technologies as well as capital to create more economic and trade opportunities to Eurasia and the world, stimulating new growth. It’s already achieving some results. Italy is one of the early participants and signed a protocol with China. Both sides are encouraging businesses to seize the opportunities.
Globalization in other fields is perceived with mixed feeling. But after 20 years, I guess most of us now agree that the attempt to transform the world with Western values and political system is far from achieving all of its purposes, and new problems are added to old woes. The negative result is still haunting some countries, leaving many people and families displaced. The lessons are profound.
As an ancient Chinese saying goes, “sweet oranges grown in the south would taste sour once transplanted to the north. The orange trees may still look the same, yet the soil and climate conditions have changed.” This wise teaching that has come down in history reminds us of the importance to respect differences not to impose on others.
In world security, international cooperation is lacking partly due to the structural obstacles. The US, the strongest military power inthe world, has failed to build an all-inclusive security framework after the Cold War. It prefers to take its military alignment as the pillar of the world security.
However, as we all know, the alignment is based on an exclusive security approach, and sometimes even leads to the insecurity of non-allies. For example, the US has prioritized the interests of its allies in the territorial disputes in the East and South China Sea, while not willing to recognizethe interests of China, which is not an ally.
The Korean Peninsula is an even more unfortunate example. After the Korean War, the US has maintained its military presence and the Peninsula has been trapped in confrontation for over half a century. Due to the deep mistrust between the US and North Korea, no peace agreement, be itbilateral or multilateral, could be fully implemented. The US, emphasizing the security of its own and its allies, has exerted mounting military pressure and called for continued sanctions; while North Korea, hoping to achieve ultimate security, and in disregard of regional security, has speeded up nuclear and missile tests, resulting in a vicious circle of action and reaction. The world is now witnessing a growingly dangerous situation.
So, the world can be safe only when all countries are free from threat and feel safe. China’s thinking on a community of security can be summed up into the following:1, Common security, meaning to respect and ensure the security of each and every country, rather than some countries being safer than others.2, Comprehensive security, meaning tackling both traditional and nontraditional security threats.3, Cooperative security, meaning promoting common security through communication and cooperation.4, Sustainable security, meaning also paying attention to development which, for many developing countries, is the vital path to stability and security.
For China, it’s important to strengthen its defense forces to protect the country and the people, and handle security challenges that confront China. For international security, China mainly plays a role within the UN framework. For example, China is the biggest contributor to peacekeeping among the 5 permanent members of the Security Council. The Chinese navy has actively participated in anti-piracy operations in the Gulf of Aden.
So, to conclude, we live in a changing world and the international cooperation and institutions need to keep up with the times. If countries maintain a closed bloc or an exclusive approach to security or stick to geopolitical competition, it would be hard to form synergy in countering rising new challenges.China hopes to see the world moving towards a community with a shared future. The world should have a common roof for all, and to share not to divide.■
The author is chairperson of the Foreign Affairs Committee of China’s National People’s Congress

« 上一篇 下一篇 » 原创文章，转载请注明出处！标签: